맥락
This subcluster studies antimicrobial resistance in companion-animal bacterial isolates, mainly from dogs and cats, with a strong emphasis on diagnostic-lab surveillance of phenotypic susceptibility patterns, multidrug resistance, and resistance-gene distribution across common pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., and Proteus mirabilis. The papers consistently find high resistance to commonly used first-line drugs, nontrivial MDR burdens, and clinically important regional and temporal variation, especially in otitis and urinary/pyometra-associated isolates, making empiric therapy unreliable in many settings. Several studies also show that resistance phenotypes can differ by species, infection site, and local epidemiology, with some drugs retaining high in vitro activity only in narrow contexts. Methodologically, the cluster shares a surveillance-oriented, retrospective, lab-based approach: large antibiogram datasets, MIC/disk diffusion testing, PCR detection of resistance genes, and trend analysis using descriptive epidemiology or generalized additive models, all framed by prudent-use and One Health concerns.